Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by dysregulated immune responses to infection. To elucidate early transcriptional changes in sepsis, we conducted a case–control study profiling gene expression in whole blood from 20 early-stage sepsis patients and 9 healthy controls. Using Affymetrix Clariom D Human Arrays and robust preprocessing, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using standard bioinformatic pipelines. A total of 344 genes were significantly upregulated, while 9703 were significantly downregulated in sepsis patients (|log2FC| > 1, adjusted p < 0.05). Pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology analysis revealed activation of innate immune pathways, neutrophil degranulation, and cytokine signaling, alongside suppression of lymphocyte differentiation and antigen presentation. These results suggest a shift toward an innately driven inflammatory state in early sepsis. Our findings provide transcriptomic insights that may support the development of early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.