TY - JOUR
T1 - Association between Frequency of Toothbrushing and Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents
T2 - A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
AU - Baskaradoss, Jagan Kumar
AU - Tavares, Mary
AU - Al-Mulla, Fahd
AU - Al-Ozairi, Ebaa
AU - Abu-Farha, Mohamed
AU - Bin-Hasan, Saadoun
AU - Alsumait, Aishah
AU - Devarajan, Sriraman
AU - Alqaderi, Hend
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/1/1
Y1 - 2022/1/1
N2 - This study longitudinally examines the relationship between the frequency of toothbrushing and the development of selected components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with the potential role of salivary biomarkers in this relationship. In 2014, 6317 12-year-old children underwent health examinations (T1), of which, 348 children participated in the second stage of data collection in 2019 (T2). The association between the change in the metabolic status during the 5-year follow-up examination (between T1 and T2) and frequency of toothbrushing was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analyses. At T2, healthy adolescents had significantly higher odds of toothbrushing twice or more daily compared with adolescents with components of MetS (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.15–3.45). Adolescents who were healthy at T1 but developed components of MetS at T2, had significantly higher frequencies of dining-out compared with adolescents with components of MetS at both T1 and T2 (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.49). Adolescents who were ‘healthy’ at both T1 and T2 had significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of C-reactive protein (T2), insulin (T1 and T2), interleukin-6 (T1) and adiponectin (T1) compared with adolescents who had components of MetS. Toothbrushing and frequency of dining-out were associated with the presence of MetS components.
AB - This study longitudinally examines the relationship between the frequency of toothbrushing and the development of selected components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with the potential role of salivary biomarkers in this relationship. In 2014, 6317 12-year-old children underwent health examinations (T1), of which, 348 children participated in the second stage of data collection in 2019 (T2). The association between the change in the metabolic status during the 5-year follow-up examination (between T1 and T2) and frequency of toothbrushing was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analyses. At T2, healthy adolescents had significantly higher odds of toothbrushing twice or more daily compared with adolescents with components of MetS (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.15–3.45). Adolescents who were healthy at T1 but developed components of MetS at T2, had significantly higher frequencies of dining-out compared with adolescents with components of MetS at both T1 and T2 (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.49). Adolescents who were ‘healthy’ at both T1 and T2 had significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of C-reactive protein (T2), insulin (T1 and T2), interleukin-6 (T1) and adiponectin (T1) compared with adolescents who had components of MetS. Toothbrushing and frequency of dining-out were associated with the presence of MetS components.
KW - Biomarkers
KW - C-reactive protein
KW - Children
KW - Diet
KW - Inflammatory
KW - Oral hygiene
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122006249&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph19010508
DO - 10.3390/ijerph19010508
M3 - Article
C2 - 35010768
AN - SCOPUS:85122006249
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 19
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 1
M1 - 508
ER -