AI Governance in the GCC States: A Comparative Analysis of National AI Strategies

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states increasingly adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI) to drive economic diversification and enhance services. This paper investigates the evolving AI governance landscape across the six GCC nations, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, and Kuwait, through an in-depth document analysis of six National AI Strategies (NASs) and related policies published between 2018 and 2024. Drawing on the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) and Multi-stakeholder Governance theory, the findings highlight a “soft regulation” approach that emphasizes national strategies and ethical principles rather than binding regulations. While this approach fosters rapid innovation, it also raises concerns regarding the enforceability of ethical standards, potential ethicswashing, and alignment with global frameworks, particularly the EU AI Act. Common challenges include data limitations, talent shortages, and reconciling AI applications with cultural values. Despite these hurdles, GCC governments aspire to leverage AI for robust economic growth, better public services, and regional leadership in responsible AI. The analysis suggests that strengthening legal mechanisms, enhancing stakeholder engagement, and aligning policies with local contexts and international norms will be essential for harnessing AI’s transformative potential in the GCC. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.